Natural Science Essay Example

1)  Using the concepts learned in Unit 1:

Explain how flight is achieved. Make sure that you provide an example and use at least three concepts or laws to support your explanation and example.

The wings of an aeroplane are designed in the manner that the air on top of the arms moves faster than the air at the bottom of the wings hence reducing the pressure at the top of the wings. As much as the pressure at the top of the wings decreases, the pressure below the wings becomes higher thus pushing the plane upwards. The law that supports the flight is called Bernoullis effect which states that an increase in speed of the fluid co-occurs with a decrease in pressure or a reduction in the fluids potential energy. Additionally, four forces affect flight which includes; weight, lift, drag, and thrust. The force law that enables the plane to be lifted is the Bernoullis principle that is a combination of forces regarding increase and decrease of pressure. As much as flight has happened, thrust and drug balance the plane in opposite direction while lift and weight also act in reverse direction setting the pace and the motion of the aircraft.

On the other hand, there are other three laws of motion according to Isaac Newton that explains how flight occurs. For instance, the first law explains that if an object is not in motion, it will not start to move by itself. Additionally, it tells that if an object starts a movement, it will also not stop unless acted upon by an external force that either stops it or changes its direction. The third law that usually states that action and reaction forces are equal, and the opposite is applicable in the aspect that when an object is pushed for instance in one direction, it is usually controlled by another resistance force in an opposite direction that controls the motion. For that matter, while flight takes place, the four effects that control a flight include; lift, drag, thrust, and gravity. The forces act in the opposite direction is hence controlling a flight.

2) Using the concepts learned in Unit 2 (Chemistry), answer the following:

The periodic table of the elements in its cutting-edge shape was first arranged in the late 1800's. This course of action was somewhat changed a couple of decades later. This permitted the advancement of the Periodic Law which expresses that when the elements are orchestrated by expanding atomic numbers, the properties tend to rehash. Identify three quantifiable properties, apart from the atomic weight or atomic number which end up changing in the manner described.

Melting point and boiling point

The melting point of the elements in the periodic table is dependent on the mass number that varies from the row and column. Down the group, the static electrostatic forces of attraction between the nuclei and valence electron decrease because of the increasing number of the energy levels and progressive repulsion force because of the electron cloud. The size of the atom increases with an increase in the size of an atom, addition of electrons to the outer energy levels hence leading to repulsion from the nucleus. As the result, the amount of the enthalpy required to break the forces of the attraction in the successive elements down the group reduces. However, this trend is differing across the group for the two reasons. First, the nuclear charges increase due to increasing number of neutrons. This increases electrostatic forces of attractions in the successive elements, thus increasing the melting point. Secondly, the atomic radius decreases across the period which in turn increases the nuclear charger that consequently requires more energy to break the forces of attraction.

Ionization energy

The first and second ionization energies are determined by the position of the element in the periodic table. Down the group, the ionization energy decreases because of the increasing the atomic size and progressive decrease of the nuclear charge. The increasing number of the electrons across the group reduces the effective forces of the nuclear charges which consequently reduces the energy required to remove an electron from the first energy level at the gaseous state (ionization). However, in the same group, the second ionization energy is higher than the first ionization energy. Typically, the second electron is removed from the charged ion that requires more energy to be extracted than in an atomic state. However, this trend is different from the group in the period table. In this case, the first and second ionization energies increase across the period though the former is usually lower than the latter. Across the time the nuclei charge increases because of the increasing number of the protons. This consequently increases the amount of the energy that is required to remove the first and second electron.

Additionally, as you move down the group, similarity occurs since the elements of the team have the same number of the electron distribution in their valence shells. On moving down, the group, the elements metallic character increases. Starting with oxygen, it depicts a less metallic character, but the metallic nature tends to increase gradually to selenium and polonium which is a good conductor of electric current. As we move across the period of the periodic table, a proton is added to the nucleus in conjunction with an electron attached to the valence shell according to the progressive element. Additionally, moving don the group the number of electrons in the valence shells maintains a constant number, but the principle quantum number tends to increase each time. The properties that are typical to control the metallic structure of the elements and their electronic structure include the size of the radius, the ions, ionization energies and electron affinities.

Electronic Properties

Also, the electronic structure of the elements tends to follow the same physical and chemical properties as outlined. On moving across each period, the energy levels remains the same the same way periodic number does. On the other hand, moving across each period from left to right, the energy level faces a gradual increase in electrons. It is also outlined that the highest energy level contains one electron correctly on the left-hand side of the table. In the development of the periodic table, the elements that fall in the same group usually depict similar chemical properties. Elements in the same column (group) do not necessarily show similar physical properties.

On moving down the group, the number of the electrons mostly in the higher energy level is usually the same as the group number. Each The examples of the elements that depict the electronic structural properties include; neon, krypton, radon, helium, and argon. They show striking chemical properties that for few chemical compounds since they possess stable electronic structures. According to Pauli Exclusion principle, the elements outlined tend to follow the principle that no more than two electrons can end up occupying the same orbit in an atom. It also states that two electrons must be paired, i.e., must have spins opposed. The orbitals are usually described by the idea of quantum number n which is usually from 1, 2, 3 and above.

Lastly, the number of electrons for the elements in a periodic table increase with an increase in atomic number. K-shell is the most stable shell, and it is completed with helium that has only two electrons.

3) Using the concepts learned in Unit 3:

One point can be earned for identifying an environmental drawback of using the alternative energy source. Acceptable examples include, but are not limited to, the following:

Description Environmental benefits/drawbacks

The first advantage is Wind

One point can be earned for depicting an option vitality source that would diminish the carbon impression. One point can be earned for recognizing an ecological advantage of the option source. One point can be obtained by identifying an environmental downside of utilizing the option vitality source. Adequate cases incorporate, yet are not restricted to, the accompanying:

Depiction Ecological advantages/disadvantages

Wind

Turbines are used to catch vitality from twist to deliver power.

Advantages

i. It offers a negligible living space interruption or modification.

ii. Utilized as a part of rural zones where living space pulverization is now total.

iii. Land may likewise be used to raise domesticated animals/develop crops.

iv. It creates no air contamination.

Drawbacks

i. It regularly requires a substantial field of land.

ii. Turbines are unattractive.

iii. Sound/vibration is irritating.

iv. Turbines execute/influence relocation of winged animals/bats.

v. Requires dangerous materials for generation

Atomic

Atomic Uranium splitting is utilized to make steam to pivot turbines to deliver power. Advantages

i. Creates close to nothing/no air contamination (other than mining and reprocessing).

ii. Supplies (for coolant water) give recreational open doors.

Disadvantages

i. Makes potential for radiation spills/mishaps.

ii. The hazardous capacity of atomic squanders.

4) Using the concepts learned in Unit 4:

The forces that lead to plate structural development

Conventional forces. This is caused because of the development of hot magma in the mantle. The warmth from the Earths inside warms the magma which at that point turns out to be less thick and climb close to the earth outside layer. At first glance, magma cool and turn out to be less thick making they move back close profoundly. This prompts convectional development which like this achieves frictional development of the plates.

Gravitational power. Gravity pulls objects towards the focal point of the earth, i.e., the center. It in this way add to the convectional development of magma in the mantle by pulling the magma towards the center.

The pivot of the earth additionally creates powers that tend to cause structural development. These powers incorporate the divergent and centripetal powers which happen because of earth revolution at the posts and the equator.

Sorts of plate structural limit

Unique limit. This limit happens when two plates structural move far from each other. It is likewise called dangerous limit, and in this limit, there is the development of highlights, for example, magma regurgitates from long crevices and fountains spurt superheated water and hot springs. At this limit, there is frequently arrangement of outside maritime layer made of basalt.

Change limit. This sort of limit happens when two plates slide past each other. It is otherwise called additive limit since there is neither arrangement of another component nor obliteration of officially existing highlights. Shakes in this limit make a straight blame valley or undersea gully. No magma is shaped.

The merged limit is framed when two plates move towards each other and impact together causing a more prominent effect. This effect prompts development of a severe mountain run and now and again twist the other plate down towards the ocean bottom trench. There is a resultant capable seismic tremor which shakes the two sides of the plate.

5) Using the concepts learned in Unit 5:

Using the ideas in unit 5

The eventual fate of the universe is consistently contemplated and conjectured. In any case, despite everything we have not built up a sufficient comprehend or complex Universe. Will it keep on expanding until the end of time? Or, then again will the universe in the long run crumple once more?

Since spinning a sphere makes it flattened, the earth will continue to be flat at its ends due to the daily spin it is subjected to. The frequency of the spins around the sun according to Nebula hypothesis aims at conserving momentum hence the earth will end up expanding forever. Add...