An Exploration of Women's Experiences in Leadership Positions Within African Immigrant Churches in the United States

Literature Review Table

Date Search Reference Study Objective/

Research questions/hypothesis Population Design/Intervention/

Analysis (Methods Section) Results/Findings Database and Search Criteria TOPIC

01/12/18 Adedibu, B. (2015). Missio Africanus Journal Of African Missiology, 1(1).Mission from Africa: A call to re-imagine mission in African-led pentecostal churches in Britain The study explored and reviewed the mission narratives of the African immigrant churches as well as highlighted the need for re-imagining the mission and evangelism strategies of these churches. The article focused on Africa-led Pentecostal churches such as Kingsway International

Christian Centre (KICC) led by Pastor Mathew Ashimolowo, Jesus House, Christian Church of God, Victory Pentecostal Assembly, and Mount Zion Christian Ministry International, which are spreading the word of God in Britain. The work relied on a review of scholarly works from other sources to elaborate on the literature review and objective of the research. Reviews from various scholarly works indicated that there is an urgent need for intentional change to assist Britains African Pentecostal churches to transform to leadership, organizational, and conceptual leap to that of functioning missionary congregations.

African led Pentecostal churches were found to be running reverse driven mission.

The churches were also found to be replicating the mistakes of the eighteenth century western missionaries.

MISSIO AFRICANUS

African Pentecostal-led Churches 01/12/18 Ademiluka, S. (2017). 1. Verbum Et Ecclesia, 38(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v38i1.1672Corinthians 14:33b36 in light of women and church leadership in Nigeria The research examined the text to determine the importance of women participating in church activities in Nigeria.

The study examined the history of the Jews that reveals that women had minimal roles in religious leadership. The study focused on a majority of big churches in Nigeria. The study involved the disciplines of the New Testament theology and church history.

Examination of 1 Corinthians 14:33b36. Women occupy a significant percentage of church membership and participation in Nigeria. Women dominate the choir and other church activities.

Pauls order in the Corinthian church was meant to ban women disorderliness in the church and not women participation.

Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal churches include women in their leadership hierarchy.

A significant number of the mainline churches still practice male domination in church leadership.

The history of the Jews indicated that women had a lower status compared to men.

AOSIS Publishing

Women and church leadership 01/12/18 Agadjanian, V. (2015). Gender & Society, 29(6), 982-1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243215602106Womens Religious Authority in a Sub-Saharan Setting. The study through a combination of rich and diverse data examined womens formal religious authority in a predominantly Christian setting in Mozambique.

The researcher hypothesized that that womens presence in formal leadership positions would be most prominent in ideologically more liberal and organizationally more flexible denominations. Speculated that regardless of denomination women would be more likely to lead smaller congregations Data came from churches in the district of Chibuto in southern Mozambique.

For statistical analysis data was collected through surveys of religious congregations of Chibuto district The study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection methods.

Statistical analysis was also utilized.

In-person and congregation interviews were carried out.

The research team conducted numerous focus group discussions.

Descriptive statistics were used.

Logistics and regression models were also utilized. The study found that women still lead smaller congregation than did men.

The women were also less likely to occupy higher church rankings.

Gender processes are available in all churches, but their scale and particular manifestations vary across denominations. HHS Public Access

Womens religious authority.01/12/18 Asamoah-Gyadu, J. (2015). International Bulletin Of Mission Research, 39(4), 189-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693931503900406Migration, Diaspora Mission, and Religious others in World Christianity: An African Perspective The study considered whether immigrant Christianity is authentic.

Sought to find out the presence of African Christians living their faith outside their historical geographic boundaries says about the changing face of world Christianity. The study focuses on African diaspora churches, which are part of immigrant Christian missionary activity in the North. The study reviewed scholarly works from other writers and relied on chapter verse from the bible. The motivation to set up immigrant churches by non-westerners arises from the conviction that secularization is the devils way of stealing, killing, and destroying Christianity in Europe and the West.

African immigrants in the United States are making a significant social and cultural impact through the proliferation of religious communities.

The apostolic body in the diaspora comprises of a congregation that migrated for survival.

African immigrants are revealing new paradigms in Christian mission that raise the prospect of a revitalized Christian presence on European soil.

Christians in the western countries often view African immigrant churches as religious others.

SAGE Journals

Religious others in world Christianity.01/12/18 Chakraborty, T., & Saha, R. (2017). The International Journal Of Indian Psychology, 4(3).If women lead good and deal better then why is women leadership still a snake and ladder game?

The study attempted to compile the factors that elevate women to much higher positions in the organizational ladder based on their capabilities.

The research tried to probe into the factors that bring women down in the organizational ladder.

What makes women leaders still in a snake and ladder game?

The researcher reviewed meta-analysis survey from other studies.

Other scholarly works from authoritative researchers also played a significant role in providing the required literature.

A review of different studies revealed that men and women differ in every aspect such as in communicating and influencing. Men use communication to finish tasks while women apply the same to build social relationships.

Women are more likely than men to demonstrate leadership traits that have a positive influence on corporate performance. Women can inspire, build collaborative teams, and reward their colleagues.

Several factors such as the ability to engage in participative leadership, the ability to manage work-life balance, better listeners, empathetic behavior, naturally nurturing, dream big, problem solvers, and exceptional emotional intelligence were crucial to ensuring women become better leaders.

The metaphor of ladder highlights that the career of women may not always be in upward movement due to various factors such as career breaks due to child-related issues. Such issues force women to restart again from a lower level. ResearchgateSnake and ladder 01/12/18 Dunn, Dana; Gerlach, Jeanne M.; and Hyle, Adrienne E. (2014) International Journal of Leadership and Change: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 2.

Available at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijlc/vol2/iss1/2"Gender and Leadership: Reflections of Women in Higher Education Administration," The study examined the leadership experiences of three women higher education administrators to provide insight into womens behaviors as academic leaders.

The sample included three women in higher education administrators. The Reflective research methodology was employed in the study.

Journal weekly reflections were recorded.

Journals from the participants indicated that successful leaders equal selfless leaders.

The narratives from the participants also indicated that success is viewed as a team effort.

The narratives suggested that effective and frequent communication was required to blend a focus on others with an emphasis on task completion.

Personal lives presented challenges to the organizational success of the authors.

Digital Commons

Gender and leadership.01/12/18 Mellis, J., & Schreck, H. (2016). Glocal Conversations, 3(1), 26-42. Retrieved from http://gc.uofn.edu/index.php/gc/article/view/36The church and multiculturalism: The role of immigrant churches in Amsterdam. The study examined the types of interactions between immigrant fellowships and Dutch churches.

The following were the research questions:

Do churches tend to be cultural silos with little internal diversity?

How does the church deal with high levels of diversity and change?

Are local churches reflecting the diversity in which they are immersed through the inclusion of immigrants in their congregations?

Are there networks of interactions and sharing among local churches, many of whom might be homogeneous in their congregation? The population comprised of the Church in Amsterdam and 180 different nationalities were included in the population. A qualitative approach method was applied in the study.

Putnams theories were used to explain how ethnic diversity affects two kinds of relationships.

The study focused on ethnographic observations and interviews. Immigrant churches differ substantially from Dutch churches by offering a huge range of services and types of support for their members.

Immigrant pastors are not limited to spiritual matters but also engage in other activates that concern the members of the church.

Last year, 40 immigrant churches came together to organize a three-day conference to address the social needs in the southeast area of Amsterdam.

The Dutch complained that African church worship services are long and too loud.

The ethnographic data point to the difficulties and the hope for a more productive acceptance and celebration of the multicultural Church in Amsterdam. University of the Nations

The church and multiculturalism 01/12/18 Hoyt, C., & Murphy, S. (2016). The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 387-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.11.002Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership.The study explored the process and implications of stereotype threat for women in leadership.

The research explored stereotype threat for women in leadership by reviewing a model of stereotype threat in leadership contexts.

The research work also examined implications for future research and explored practices to reduce the potential for adverse stereotype threat effects.

Data was collected through a review of research studies that focused on women stereotypes in leadership positions. The study adopted a qualitative approach to analyze the various literature from different research studies.

The study found that one key facet of stereotype is that it is situationally induced.

Stereotype cues for female leaders can be activated by a variety of ways such as being in the numerical minority.

Cues in the media and masculine environments and cultures can threaten womens identities.

Female leaders can experience increased threat when attempting leadership in industries and organizations where women are scarce.

Stereotype threat can undermine womens sense of belonging in a field and their motivation and desire to pursue success within the field.

Individual differences that bolster womens beliefs that they can become successful leaders can help buffer women from deleterious threat effects.

ScienceDirectWomen and leadership 01/12/18 Henry, C., Foss, L., Fayolle, A., Walker, E., & Duffy, S. (2015). J...