Paper Example on Biomass-Plastics Co-Pyrolysis

I need a piece of 10 pages original professional work by best writers on biomass-plastic co-pyrolysis that can be published. The task description as required by me is as defined in table 1 below:

Table 1. Task description

S/No Task description Number of pages required

1 One of the main advantages of plastic co-feeding in biomass pyrolysis is the bio-oil quality improvement besides the increase in oil quantity; however, this improvement could be proportional to the worsening of plastic pyrolysis oil. Hence, critically discuss the drawbacks of biomass-plastics co-pyrolysis in spite of its advantages. Also, discussed deeply the potential interest, applicability of the co-pyrolysis products (especially the bio-oil), the state of the art of the biomass-plastic co-pyrolysis technology and the degree of its development as these points are of great relevance for the process full scale development. Describe the mechanism of biomass-plastic co-pyrolysis process under low and high heating rate conditions (identifying both the primary and secondary reaction mechanisms involved; pointing out also the synergistic interactions between biomass and plastic during their primary and secondary co-pyrolysis processes. 3 pages

2 Discuss the main characteristics of biomass and different plastics (PE, PP, PET, PS) individual pyrolysis product distributions and their kinetic results. 2 pages

3 State and describe clearly the role of the catalyst, its interests and the relation of its characteristics and the product distributions obtained in biomass-plastics co-pyrolysis. 2 pages

4 Describe the main biomass and waste plastics pyrolysis technologies (fluidized beds, fixed beds, microreactors, spouted beds, rotary kiln, etc), their applications and main pyrolysis conditions such as temperature, heating rate, residence time (of gas and solid) and pressure which strongly depend on the pyrolysis reactor design. Moreover, in the discussion, clearly highlight the reactor used, pyrolysis conditions and their influence on the results following the literature results presented in Table 2. Tables 2 and 3 present the results of the recent studies on biomassplastic co-pyrolysis and these literature results should be applied in this discussion, and the synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics should be clearly interpreted based on the results. Other recent studies on biomass-plastic co-pyrolysis (most especially from 2015 and 2018) could be added in the discussion. Table 4 also provides useful pieces of information that could support the discussion though they are not very recent studies on biomass-plastic co-pyrolysis. 3 pages

TOTAL number of pages required 10 pages

Table 2: Summary of recent studies on biomass-plastics co-pyrolysis (2014-2018)

Biomass Plastic Pyrolysis equipment employed &pyrolysis conditions Result Ref.

Switch grass, cellulose, xylan, and lignin PET, PP, HDPE, LDPE, PS A micro pyrolyzer coupled with GC/MS (i.e., Py-GC/MS); 650 0C Addition of the polymers enhanced the conversion of the mixture, resulting in increase in the total aromatic yields and changes in the selectivity for the production of individual aromatic compounds Dorado et al., 2014

Alder wood (hardwood) and pine wood (softwood). PP A steel retort; N2 at 3 dm3/h; 600 0C Addition of plastics to biomass led to synergistic effects, as determined by variations in the amounts of products obtained from the co-pyrolysis of biomass and polypropylene relative to those obtained from the pyrolysis of pure biomass or polypropylene Sajdak and Muzyka, 2014

wood (beech and pine); lignin and two types of cellulose: Avicel and WhatmanPVC PyGC/MS (at 600 C for 20 s in a quartz tube with He gas) and TG/MS (at 25 to 900 0C; 20 Cmin1). The addition of PVC to the biomass sample resulted to formation of lower amount of several reactive compounds with a significant amount of chloromethane in the pyrolysate of wood and lignin samples mixed with PVC Czegeny et al., 2015

Karanja and Niger seeds Wastes PS A stainless steel reactor; atmospheric pressure; 500-600 0C

Results confirmed that co-pyrolysis of the non-edible seeds and waste polystyrene not only enhanced the conversion of seeds to useful products but also significantly affected the oil fuel properties (viscosity, calorific value, cold flow properties), and altered the composition of the oil with a positive influence Shadangi et al., 2015

Rice husk PE A 1 liter batch reactor; 430oC; 0.2 - 1MPa; 5-6 oC/min; 10 min. Co-pyrolysis of rice husk blended with plastic wastes led to the production of high quality bio-oils Pinto et al., 2015

Red oak HDPE A lab-scale, continuous fluidized bed reactor; 525 - 675 0C Synergistic interaction between the red oak and HDPE mixture during co-pyrolysis resulted in higher heating value (36.6 MJ/kg) of the pyrolysis-oil produced, increased the production of furan, acids, and water, inhibited char formation and improved the HHV of the resulting char Xue et al., 2015

Table 2 continued

Biomass Plastic Pyrolysis equipment employed &pyrolysis conditions Result Ref.

Cotton straw PP A fixed-bed reactor; 380480 0C. Results showed that there was a synergy in the co-pyrolysis process of the cotton straw and PP at the temperature range of 380480 0C Hua et al., 2015

Black-liquor lignin PE, PP, PS A fluidized bed; N2 at 250 mL/min flow rate; 25- 650 0C; 20mins. Results showed that the catalytic co-pyrolysis improved the petrochemical yields (aromatic and olefin) and the xylene selectivity. Zhang et al., 2015

Dunaliella tertiolectaPP TGA instrument; N2 at 50 mL/min; 25- 800 0C & heating rates of 5, 10, 20 & 40 oC/min. The TGA results showed that the existence of significant synergistic interaction between the microalgae and PP achieved maximum hydrocarbon conversions when the mass ratio of PP and D. tertiolecta is 6:4, and lowered the activation energy. Wu et al., 2015

Potato HDPE A horizontal quartz tubular reactor; argon at 0.42 Lmin1; 25- 900 0C. Synergistic effect existed but became more significant during the secondary co-pyrolysis process than the primary process, which improved the bio-oil quality. Xiong et al., 2015

Waste newspaper biomass HDPE A quartz tubular furnace; N2 at 20 mL/min; 25- 500 0C; 10 oC/min. Synergistic effect occurred (at 400500 0C) resulting in a significant increase in oil phase compared to the theoretical results. Chen et al., 2016

Lignin LDPE, PC, PS A micro pyrolyzer coupled with GC/MS (i.e., Py-GC/MS) and TGA at 25 to 900 0C. Synergistic effect existed which promoted the formation of monomer aromatic hydrocarbons during the co-pyrolysis of lignin with PS; while the production of several aromatic compounds assigned to lignin pyrolysis was suppressed by the addition of PC or LDPE. Jin et al., 2016

Paulownia wood PP, PVC, PET TGA at 50 0C to 1000 0C; 60 mL/min N2 flow; heating rates of 10, 20 & 40 oC min. A significant synergistic effect existed between the plastic and the Paulownia wood during the co-pyrolysis process with more volatiles release than the predicated values. Chen et al., 2017

Waste vegetable oil HDPE A titaniumtim retort of Autoclave heated by an electric furnace; N2 flow rate of 100 mL/min; 25-900 0C; 10 oC/min; 40 min. The results revealed that a maximum hydrocarbon fuel yield of 63.1 wt % was obtained at 430 0C, and that oxygenates were rarely detected in the hydrocarbon fuel due the synergistic effects of the catalytic co-pyrolysis. Wang et al., 2017

Lignocellulosic biomass (rice straw) LDPE TGA,; 25 0C to 600 0C; 30 0C/min, N2

flow rate of 20 ml/min. Results showed that rice husk & LDPE co-pyrolysis was more complicated than that of the individual components and there was a positive synergistic interaction between rice husk and LDPE which results in the reduction of the activation energy of the reaction. Xiang et al., 2018

Organic food waste (soybean protein) Plastic waste (PVC) A horizontal quartz tube reactor (i.e., A fixed bed reactor); N2 flow rate of 100 ml/min; 400, 500 and 600 0C; 10 min; 10 0C/min The results indicated that the synergistic interaction accelerated the reaction during co-pyrolysis by lowering the activation energies by 213% for the decomposition of mixture compared with linear calculation while the maximum reaction rates were 1216% higher than calculation. However, the interaction also resulted in the reduction of the yield of tar by 269% and promoted the yield of char by 1339% compared with linear calculation. Tang et al., 2018

Bamboo PP A microwave oven at 1000W and 2450 MHz.A maximum yield of bio-oil (of 61.62 wt. %) was obtained at 250oC. Also, the oxygenate proportion compounds decreased with increasing catalyst content. Zhao et al., 2018

Table 3. Summary of the results on co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastics (at 1:1 feed ratio)

Biomass Type of Plastics Pyrolysis equipment employed &pyrolysis conditions Liquid Yield/wt % Extra Yield/wt % Calorific Value (MJ/kg) Ref.

Biomass Alone Mixture Biomass Alone Mixture Palm shell PS A stainless steel tubular reactor ; 5000C; 45 mins; 2 L/min of N2 flow 46.13 61.63 15.50 15.50 38.01 Abnisa et al., 2013

Fallopia Japonica stem LDPE 30.43 58.96 28.53 nrNrYang et al., 2016

Pine residue Plastic waste A stainless autoclave with furnace; 4000C; 30 min; 1.0 MPa. 32.00 53.00 21.00 20.00 45.00 Paradela et al., 2009

Karanja seeds PS

A stainless steel reactor; 1.0 MPa; 5500C

32.90 60.11 27.21 37.65 42.18 Shadangi et al., 2015

Niger seeds 33.39 61.31 27.92 32.15 41.42 Cotton straw PP A fixed-bed reactor; 3804800C 20.00 35.80 15.8 15.50 46.90 Hua et al., 2015

Pine cone LDPE A glass reactor under atmospheric pressure; 5000C; 10 oC/min

47.50 63.90 16.4 nr46.33 Brebu et al., 2010

PP 47.50 64.10 16.60 nr45.58 PS 47.50 69.70 22.20 nr46.43 Newspaper HDPE A quartz tubular furnace; 20 mL/min N2 flow; 10 oC/min; 4005000C 40.46 68.43 27.97 16.98 26.7834.79 Chen et al., 2016

Wood chip PP (block) A fixed bed reactor; 5000C 39.30 63.10 23.80 19.90 45.00 Jeon et al., 2011

Sunflower stalk LDPE

A dropdown tube reactor; 6000C; 10 mins; 100 cm3/min of argon flow. 29.94 57.17 27.23 NrNrYang et al., 2016

Cedar wood 38.83 64.08 25.25 NrNrFallopia Japonica stem 30.43 58.96 28.56 NrNrCellulose PS A vertical Pyrex reactor under argon flow rate of 5 dm3/h; 5000C; 5oC/min 45.50 58.80 13.30 NrNrRutkowski, P. and Kubacki, 2006

Potato skin HDPE A stainless steel retort ; 5000C; 400 cm3/min; 30min 23.00 39.00 16.00 32.00 45.61 Onal et al., 2012

Pinewood Sawdust PS A vertical Pyrex reactor; 4500C; 5oC/min 46.00 67.00 21.00 nrnrRutkowski, 2009

HDPE = high-density PE; LDPE = low-density PE; PE = polyethylene; PP = polypropylene, PS = polystyrene, nr = not reported; T = Temperature (0C).

Table 4: Non-recent studies on biomass-plastic pyrolysis

Biomass Plastic Pyrolysis equipment employed &pyrolysis conditions Result Ref.

Pine wood sawdust HDPE, LDPE, PP TGA instrument; 20 0C/min; 25- 650 0C; 30 ml/min N2 flow. A significant synergistic effect existed at about 530650 0C which resulted in about 612% weight loss. Zhou et al., 2006

Pine sawdust PE, PP, PS A fluidized-bed reactor; 400650 0C; 250 mL/min N2 flow. Positive synergistic effects between the mixed feedstocks were observed.

A maximum carbon yield of petrochemicals (71%) was obtained at 600 0C at polyethylene to pine sawdust ratio of 4:1. Zhang et al., 2014

Poplar wood HDPE Py-GC/MS in an integrated system pyrolyzer; 475, 550, 625 0C; 20 oC/min; 15seconds. The pyrolytic product distribution of HDPE changed apparently in the presence of the poplar wood during pyrolysis resulting in increased yield of light oil (paraffins). Sun et al., 2013

Fir sawdust WEEE A vertical drop fixed-bed reactor; 250- 600 0C; 20 min; 400 mL/min. Oil yield of 62.3%, which was significantly higher than those of either component alone (i.e., 53.1% for WEEE and 46.3% for biomass) was obtained. Liu et al., 2013

Bamboo wast...