MRI T1 Sagittal Plane of Brain Non-contrasted Cut Through Thalamus

COURSE NAME SECTIONAL ANATOMY

COURSE CODE COURSE LECTURER

Title: MRI T1 SAGITTAL PLANE OF BRAIN NON-CONTRASTED CUT THROUGH THALAMUS

Std. Name UiTM No. Bachelor of Medical Imaging

Faculty of Health Sciences

Date of Submission: 23 DECEMBER 2017

DECLARATION

I declare that this work was carried out by the regulations of Universiti Teknologi Mara. This assignment is the result of my efforts and investigation, except where otherwise stated and has not been submitted to any other institution for any degree, diploma or other qualification.

I hereby acknowledge that I have been supplied with the Academic Rules and Regulations for Degree, University regulating the conduct of my study and assignment.

Name of Student:

Student I.D. No. :

Program: Bachelor of Medical Imaging (Hons.)

Faculty: Faculty of Health Sciences

Title: MRI T1 Sagittal Plane of Brain Non-Contrasted Cut through Thalamus

Signature of Student:

Date :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank my family, friends, and lecturers who have contributed to my success; more so, in this paper. I am grateful to my family since they believed in me and appreciate close friends for encouragements and persuasion against quitting the paper. My lecturers were the reason behind completion of an academically admissible paper as they provided guidelines and invited me to consult whenever challenges occurred.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents

DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENT iv
LIST OF TABLE v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION vii
1.0.INTRODUCTION 1
2.0.MRI T1 SAGITTAL PLANE OF BRAIN NON-CONTRASTED CUT THROUGH THALAMUS  4
2.1.Image of MRI T1 sagittal plane of brain non-contrasted cut through thalamus ( Image courtesy of Hospital Kuala Lumpur, 2017 ) 4
2.2.List of structure of MRI T1 sagittal plane of brain non-contrasted cut through thalamus 5
3.0.CONCLUSION 8

LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: 2.2.List of structure of MRI T1 sagittal plane of brain non-contrasted cut through thalamus: 5

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Sagittal section of the head 3
Figure 2: Sagittal magnetic resonance image (MRI) 3
Figure 3: sagittal section image 4

LIST OF ABBREVIATION MRI magnetic resonance imaging

INTRODUCTION

The thalamus is mostly gray matter (Lazo, 2015). It is located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon which lies deep within the brain (Sherman, 2001). It a relay center, it receives and distributes sensory and motor signals between the peripheries and higher centers such as cerebral cortex. It is a limbic system structure connecting areas of cortex which involves the sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord involved in sensation and movement. As a regulator of sensory information, it regulates sleep, wakefulness, and alertness. It sends out signals in the brain to reduce the perception of and response to sensory information, for example, sound during sleep.

The connection of the thalamus with the spinal cord allows it to receive sensory information from the peripheral nervous system and other parts of the body (Hendelman, 2005). It then sends the received information to the appropriate sections of the brain for processing. Thalamus functions in the body include; motor regulation, receiving somatosensory, visual, and auditory sensory signals, relaying sensory signals to the cerebral cortex, formation of memory and emotional expression, perception of pain, controlling sleep and awake states.

Internal medullary lamina divides the thalamus into three parts namely medial, lateral, and anterior (Ikezu, 2008). The internal medullary lamina is a Y-shaped layer of white matter formed of myelinated nerve fibers (Zemlin, 1968 ). It is supplied with blood by four posterior cerebral artery branches namely paramedian thalamic sub-thalamic arteries, polar artery, posterior choroidal arteries, and thalamogeniculate arteries.

The thalamus is a component of a part of the brain known as the diencephalon. It is one of the largest structure derived from the diencephalon during embryonic development. Diencephalon consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus (Marcus & Jacobson, 2014). The structure of the diencephalon forms the floor and lateral wall of the third ventricle. Ventricles are spaces filled with fluid. The third ventricle is part of the cerebral ventricles in the brain extending to form the central canal of the spinal cord (WebMD, 2009). The thalamus surrounds the third ventricle. It lies at the top of the brain stem near the center of the brain from where nerves fiber project out towards the cerebral cortex.

Structural brain imaging is an important tool that guides in the programming and implementation of deep brain stimulation system enabling the treatment of various brain disorders (Gerlach & Deckert, 2007). Magnetic resonance imaging has provided a reasonable imaging contrast enabling the identification the borders of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinsons disease.

High-field magnetic resonance imaging was performed on a human head using Siemens console, and head gradient insert capable. A head coil was customized with 18- channel transit and 24 receive channels. Four coils were mounted on top of the head of each subject, and then two ear loops were added to improve signal detection from the subcortical structures. The subjects were monitored continuously during the imaging sessions for the depth of anesthesia.

Figure 1: Sagittal section of the headAnatomy of the cross-section (Ellis, 2007)

Figure 2: Sagittal magnetic resonance image (MRI)MRI T1 SAGITTAL PLANE OF BRAIN NON-CONTRASTED CUT THROUGH THALAMUSAn image of MRI T1 sagittal plane of brain non-contrasted cut through thalamus is shown with labeling is shown below

Image of MRI T1 sagittal plane of brain non-contrasted cut through thalamus ( Image courtesy of Hospital Kuala Lumpur, 2017 )

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3: sagittal section image34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

List of structure of MRI T1 sagittal plane of brain non-contrasted cut through thalamus

Table 1: 2.2.List of structure of MRI T1 sagittal plane of brain non-contrasted cut through thalamus:

No. Name of Structure No. Name of Structure

1 Anterior lobe gyrus 27 Basilar artery

2 Frontal sinus 28 Pituitary gland

3 Crista galli of ethmoid bone 29 Body of corpus callosum

4 Superior nasal concha 30 Septum pellucidum

5 Superior meatus 31 Third ventricle

6 Middle nasal concha 32 Hypothalamus

7 Middle meatus 33 Pineal body

8 Inferior nasal concha 34 Dorsum of tongue

9 Inferior meatus 35 Lip (lower)

10 Hard palate 36 Sublingual gland

11 Central incisor (upper and lower) 37 Body of mandible

12 Occipital bone 38 Genioglossus

13 Falx cerebri 39 Geniohyoid

14 Splenium of corpus callosum 40 Mylohyoid

15 Tentorium cerebelli 41 Body of hyoid bone

16 Straight sinus 42 Soft palate

17 Inferior colliculus 43 Uvula

18 Aqueduct (of Sylvius) connecting third and fourth ventricles 44 Anterior arch of atlas (first cervical vertebra)

19 Cerebellum 45 Anterior margin of foramen magnum

20 Transverse sinus 46 Dens of axis (odontoid peg of second cervical vertebra)

21 External occipital protuberance 47 Pharyngeal recess

22 Fourth ventricle 48 Clivus (basioccipital and basisphenoid bones)

23 Genu of corpus callosum 49 Posterior margin of foramen magnum

24 Frontal bone 50 Posterior arch of atlas

25 Parietal bone 51 Valleculla

26 Sphenoidal sinus 52

CONCLUSION

MRI is a very valuable paraclinical biomarker of disease demyelination (Reimer & Parizel, 2012). It is used in the diagnostic process, treatment of diseases, prognosis, and in the monitoring of demyelinating and inflammatory diseases. By using advanced acquisition and post-processing techniques, the imaging research body has revolutionized the understanding of the various diseases. Despite the progress that has been made in the field, there is still insufficient specificity of standard MRI techniques and unclear correlations between the measures and the clinical outcome stress. There is no paraclinical diagnostic modality which can replace the solid clinical judgment by applying all the available sources. MRI has provided a supplement to the process of decision-making. The validation of the improved imaging acquisitions will lead to gradual changes in the implementation of MRI in clinical practice.

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