Coursework on Biology

Table 1: Samples 15

Phylum/Class Sample 1: ChrysophytaSample 2: Annelida Sample 3: Arthropoda Sample 4: Amphibia Sample 5: Aves

Common Feature Nutrition

How does the organism break down and absorb food? They absorb food through endocytosis, which is essentially engulfing molecules. Have internal tubules that filtrate and absorb food. Feed by scavenging, filter feeding, deposit feeding, suspension feeding, hunting prey, eating some varieties of plants, and some arthropods are even parasitic. Adult Amphibia are carnivores and feed on small invertebrates. Food is normally digested in the stomach. After which it moves to the small intestine where enzymes form the pancreas digest the food. From the small intestine, nutrients from the food are absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to body cells. Circulatory System (Transport)

How does the organism get what it needs to the cells (open, closed, diffusion only)? Diffusion Closed circulatory system Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system Closed circulatory system

Respiratory System

How does the organism get oxygen and release carbon dioxide? Diffusion through the cell membrane Diffusion through the skin Diffusion through the tracheal tubes Diffusion through the skin and air sacks in the lungs Diffusion through the air sacks in the lungs

Reproductive System

Does the organism use asexual or sexual reproduction (eggs, seeds, spores, placenta, and type of fertilization)? Asexual They may reproduce sexually or asexually depending on the species. For example, the earthworm is hermaphroditic and reproduce sexually while polychaetes reproduce asexually. Reproduce sexually. Some have internal fertilization while some aquatic arthropods others have external fertilization. Sexual reproduction. Fertilization of eggs is external Sexual reproduction. Fertilization of eggs is internal.

Excretory System

How does the organism get rid of waste and maintain an ionic balance of fluids? Diffusion Solid wastes are excreted by the anus while metabolic wastes are excreted by the nephridia Solid wastes are excreted by the anus. Terrestrial arthropods excrete nitrogenous wastes using Malpighian glands while aquatic arthropod excretes nitrogenous wastes through a pair of green glands found by base of antennae Amphibia excrete solid and liquid waste through the cloaca. They excrete waste through the cloaca or vent.

Growth and Development

Does the organism go through metamorphosis, develop in an egg or uterus, or grow from seeds? Have heterotrophic growth. Grow in an egg Some have complete metamorphosis while other have incomplete metamorphosis. Grow in an egg Grow in an egg

Regulation

How does the organism control body processes (hormones, nervous system)? Euglena have eye spot with many photosensors that detect light Have a small anterior brain, ganglia, and the nerve cord runs the length of the body Have a small anterior brain, nervous system, ganglia, and well-developed sensory organs Nervous system and hormones. Hormones and nervous system

Sample Organism Phytoplankton Earthworm Butterflies, ants, and locust. Salamander, toads, and frogs. Chicken, duck, swallow, and Goose.

Table 2: Samples 610

Phylum/Class Sample 6: ReptiliaSample 7: Mammalia Sample 8: BryophytaSample 9:

PinophytaSample 10: AnthrophytaCommon Feature Nutrition

How does the organism break down and absorb food? Have a digestive system which breaks down and digest food with the help of enzymes before being absorbed into the bloodstream Digest their food in the digestive system Autotrophic- manufacture their own food. Autotrophic- manufacture their own food. Autotrophic- manufacture their own food.

Circulatory System (Transport)

How does the organism get what it needs to the cells (open, closed, diffusion only)? Closed circulatory system Closed circulatory system Transport water, oxygen, and dissolved food by diffusion Transport water using xylem by transpiration stream, transport oxygen through diffusion and food is translocated using the phloem Transport water using xylem by transpiration stream, transport oxygen through diffusion and food is translocated using the phloem

Respiratory System

How does the organism get oxygen and release carbon dioxide? Diffusion into and out of the lungs Diffusion into and out of the lungs Diffusion Diffusion into and out of the stomata Diffusion into and out of the stomata

Reproductive System

Does the organism use asexual or sexual reproduction (eggs, seeds, spores, placenta, and type of fertilization)? Sexual reproduction and fertilization is internal, and eggs are laid Sexual reproduction where fertilization is internal and the eggs develops in the uterus. Asexual reproduction through the production of spores. Sexual reproduction. The ovules and haploids fuse to form seeds Sexual reproduction. The ovules and haploids fuse to form seeds

Excretory System

How does the organism get rid of waste and maintain an ionic balance of fluids? Nitrogenous wastes are excreted through the kidney, carbon (IV) oxide is excreted through the lungs, and solid waste is excreted through the anus Nitrogenous waste is excreted through the kidney, carbon (IV) oxide through the lungs, and solid waste is excreted through the anus Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is diffused out through the stomata and carbon (IV) oxide produced during respiration is also diffused out through the stomata.

Excess water is removed by transpiration. Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is diffused out through the stomata and carbon (IV) oxide produced during respiration is also diffused out through the stomata.

Excess water is removed by transpiration. Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is diffused out through the stomata and carbon (IV) oxide produced during respiration is also diffused out through the stomata.

Excess water is removed by transpiration.

Growth and Development

Does the organism go through metamorphosis, develop in an egg or uterus, or grow from seeds? Develop in the egg Develop in the Uterus Grow from spores Grow from seeds Grow from seeds

Regulation

How does the organism control body processes (hormones, nervous system)? Hormones and nervous system Hormones and nervous system Hormones Hormones Hormones

Sample Organism Crocodiles, alligators, lizards, and snake Cow, lion, human, bear, and bat Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. Pines, firs, redwoods, cedars, and hemlocks. Rose

Part 2

They are autotrophic that is they manufacture their own food.

The heart of samples 5,6 and 7 has four chambers that is the left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle while the heart of sample 4 has got three chambers that is left atrium, right atrium, and ventricle.

Both organism sample 2 and 4 gaseous exchange is by diffusion.

During the day organisms form samples 1, 9, and 10 takes in carbon (IV) oxide to manufacture food through photosynthesis. During the night these organisms take in oxygen to use for respiration.

Bryophyta, Pinophyta, Anthrophyta, and Chrysophyta.

Reptilia, Aves, Arthropoda, Annelida, and Mammalia

The organisms the have true blood are Mammalia, Aves, and Reptilia. Chrysophyta has a blood-like substance.

References

Berlin, B. (2014). Ethnobiological classification: Principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies. Princeton University Press.

Bhattacharyya, B., & Johri, B. M. (1998). Flowering plants: taxonomy and phylogeny. Springer-Verlag.